abstract：:Circadian rhythms are major features of adaptation to our environment. In mammals, circadian rhythms are generated and regulated by a circadian timing system. This system consists of entertainment pathways, pacemakers, and pace-maker output to effector systems that are under circadian control. The primary entertainmen...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Moore RY

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypertensive disorders (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, superimposed preeclampsia) are the most common medical complications of pregnancy and constitute a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Prediction of those women destined to develop preeclampsia remains elus...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Witlin AG,Sibai BM

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Until recently, platelet production was the least understood aspect of blood cell development. This gap in our understanding resulted from the scarcity of megakaryocytes, the marrow precursor of blood platelets, and from confusion surrounding the cytokines and hormones that support their development. The recent clonin...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Kaushansky K

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The genetic component is heterogeneous and in some patients is probably complex, involving multiple genes. Specific genetic defects have been identified for rate monogenic forms of NIDDM: maturity-onset diabetes of the...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Kahn CR,Vicent D,Doria A

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unique in medicine in that millions of people suffer from what appears to be the same form of disease, and unlike most other late-onset diseases, the genetic etiologies have been well identified. Three early onset forms of AD inherited as autosomal dominant traits account for less than 2% o...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Roses AD

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hepatitis E has a worldwide distribution and causes substantial morbidity and mortality in some developing countries, particularly among pregnant women. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently been cloned and sequenced and new diagnostic tests have been developed; these tests have been used to begin to characterize the n...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Mast EE,Krawczynski K

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This brief review highlights the rise in asthma mortality witnessed in many countries. It outlines the multifactorial character of this phenomenon, which in most instances is a complex interplay between physician, patient, and environment. The pathophysiology of airflow obstruction and in particular the role of hyperi...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： FitzGerald JM,Macklem P

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem worldwide, resulting in a estimated 8 to 10 million new cases and 2 to 3 million deaths each year. Between 1953 and 1985, the number of TB cases in the US declined by an average of 6% per year. However, since 1985, TB has been increasing in the US. Approxima...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Huebner RE,Castro KG

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas can be diagnosed and staged effectively by computed tomography (CT) scan and by visceral angiography. If the tumor appears to be resectable, no further studies such as percutaneous biopsy are required. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only potentially curable treatment. This operati...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Cameron JL

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Organ preservation is the supply line for organ transplantation. Currently, the liver, pancreas, and kidney can be successfully preserved for up to two days by flushing the organs with the University of Wisconsin (UW) organ preservation solution and storing them at hypothermia (0-5 degree C). The UW solution is effect...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Southard JH,Belzer FO

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:New discoveries are expanding our knowledge of mechanisms involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. Some recent advances in our understanding of motoneuron death in familial ALS (fALS) and sporadic ALS (sALS) are reviewed, with emphasis on molecular similarities that may further unite these phenoty...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Smith RG,Appel SH

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Renal involvement by systemic lupus is variable; some patients have minimal clinical and histologic involvement, whereas others have fulminant renal failure and severe proliferative renal lesions on biopsy. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification has greatly aided in the study of lupus nephritis. This class...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Appel GB,Valeri A

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:GnRH and its analogues have led to exciting new avenues of therapy in virtually every subspecialty of internal medicine as well as in gynecology, pediatrics, and urology. Since their discovery in 1971, it has been demonstrated that GnRH and its analogues enable medical professionals to influence the hypothalamic-pitui...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Conn PM,Crowley WF Jr

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pharmacologic therapy of recurrent nephrolithiasis continues to be the mainstay of the strategy to prevent recurrence. This approach persists even in the face of increasing evidence of a marked benefit of mere entry into a nonpharmacologic diet and fluid modification protocol at a clinic specializing in the evaluation...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Goldfarb S

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis are newly recognized causes of chronic watery diarrhea that typically affect middle-aged patients. Although endoscopic studies are normal, inflammatory changes and (in the case of collagenous colitis) collagen deposition occur histologically in the colonic mucosa. The pathogenesis o...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Zeroogian JM,Chopra S

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An effective host response to infection or tissue damage requires focal accumulation of leukocytes. Leukocyte adhesion to the vessel wall, a key step in this process, depends on the ordered expression of specific endothelial cell surface molecules. The endothelial molecules that support adhesion include selectins that...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Bevilacqua MP,Nelson RM,Mannori G,Cecconi O

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The eosinophil is characterized by specific cytoplasmic granules that contain a series of cationic toxins able to kill many targets, including helminths, protozoa, bacteria, and other cells. In bronchial asthma, considerable evidence exists that the eosinophil releases granule proteins, especially the major basic prot...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Gleich GJ,Adolphson CR,Leiferman KM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The endothelium is a physical barrier between the blood and vascular smooth muscle, a source of enzymes activating and deactivating cardiovascular hormones and a site of production of relaxing and contracting factors. In addition, the endothelium is a source of growth inhibitors and promoters of vascular smooth muscle...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Lüscher TF,Tanner FC,Tschudi MR,Noll G

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Advances in our knowledge of the physiology of pain transmission and modulation have created new surgical options for the control of chronic pain. The pain modulation network can be activated by administration of spinal opiates or by electrical stimulation of the nervous system with transcutaneous, peripheral nerve, s...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Landau B,Levy RM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of genetically determined diseases characterized by abnormal fragility of the skin and mucosa. In this chapter, we review current thinking about classification, pathogenesis, and molecular genetics, and we discuss management guidelines. ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Lin AN,Carter DM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past decade has witnessed profound increases in knowledge of the structure, function, and developmental regulation of the human globin genes. This information has deepened our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin, and it has provided a new persp...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Stamatoyannopoulos JA,Nienhuis AW

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Improved immunosuppressive regimens, advances in surgical proficiency and techniques, and improved supportive medical care have translated into dramatic increases in graft survival in organ transplantation and in patient outcome in bone marrow transplantation. Though effective immunosuppression has also led to an incr...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Robbins RA,Floreani AA,Buchalter SE,Spurzem JR,Sisson JH,Rennard SI

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Syncope is a common clinical problem comprising the sudden loss of both consciousness and postural tone, with a subsequent spontaneous and relatively prompt recovery. Often it is difficult to differentiate a true syncopal spell from other conditions, such as seizure disorders, or from some simple accidents. Even more ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Benditt DG,Remole S,Milstein S,Bailin S

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The familial nature of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (FMEN) has been recognized for some time but little is known about their cause. Recent application of new molecular techniques has mapped FMEN syndromes to specific chromosomes and provided evidence for the mechanism through which neoplasia occurs. In this ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Nanes MS,Catherwood BD

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cardiac late potentials are observed by using a high-resolution, computer-processed ECG that can detect very low-level signals not seen with standard ECG techniques. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that patients with low-level signals after the QRS complexes (late potentials) are at much higher risk of ven...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Berbari EJ,Lazzara R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diastolic dysfunction is an important cause of the clinical syndrome of congestive heart failure. Traditionally, the syndrome of pulmonary congestion due to the elevation of left heart filling pressure has been attributed to the depressed ability of the heart to eject blood during systole, with a secondary increase in...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Lorell BH

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clonal populations of cells can be identified by a number of different independent approaches, including analyses of karyotype, gene rearrangements, deletions or point mutations, X-linked polymorphisms, and integration of virus into the genome. Assessment of clonality has yielded valuable and surprising clues to the p...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Gilliland DG,Blanchard KL,Bunn HF

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute myocardial infarction is caused by coronary thrombosis on an ulcerated atheroma. We now believe that the predominant cause of this intimal disruption is the rupture of the atheroma through the intimal surface, caused by enzymes released by activated macrophages. The subsequent clinical course following atheroma ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Forrester JS,Litvack F,Grundfest W

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding of the role of the immune system in modulating glomerular injury continues to evolve. The participation of antibody, complement, and neutrophils alone cannot completely explain many aspects of the pathways of experimental and human glomerulonephritis. The elements of the immune system that mediate ce...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Rovin BH,Schreiner GF

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Airway hyperresponsiveness to a large number of stimuli is a characteristic of asthma in humans. Various components of the tracheobronchial tree might contribute to this characteristic, such as smooth muscle, the bronchial epithelium, various neurohumoral mechanisms, and the mechanical linkages between the lung parenc...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Ingram RH Jr

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Stress and starvation, especially when complicated by sepsis, will give rise to a rapid erosion of the cellular mass, which significantly affects morbidity and mortality. The best clinical evaluation of the nutritional state is obtained from the medical history and the physical examination. In the patient who cannot e...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Shizgal HM

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two features of human parietal pleura explain its role in the formation and removal of pleural liquid and protein in the normal state: the proximity of the microvessels to the pleural surface and the presence of stomata situated between mesothelial cells. For pleural fluid to accumulate in disease, there must be incre...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Sahn SA

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gallstones can now be treated nonsurgically as well as surgically. The current view is that only symptomatic gallstones should be treated; of these, only cholesterol gallstones can be treated nonsurgically. Cholesterol gallstones in a functioning gallbladder will dissolve slowly when the secretion of unsaturated bile ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Hofmann AF

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant drug in the world. This chapter reviews the human pharmacology of caffeine; the evidence for its role in causing human disease, including addiction; and its potential usefulness as a therapeutic agent. ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Benowitz NL

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following its early entry into the central nervous system (CNS), HIV-1 alters cerebral cell architecture and may subsequently affect higher cognitive functions, leading eventually in some patients to HIV-1 encephalopathy. The CNS may also be the target of opportunistic infections and malignancy secondary to HIV-1 immu...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Bridge TP,Ingraham LJ

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute pancreatitis is not the cause but may be a complication of chronic pancreatitis. Different forms of chronic pancreatitis are described. The most frequent type in all climates, chronic calcifying pancreatitis, has different causes but similar pathological changes. It is a lithiasis in which a new family of molecu...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Sarles H,Bernard JP,Johnson C

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Preeclampsia, a major cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality, may be difficult to distinguish clinically from other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Signs helpful in its diagnosis include presentation during late gestation in a nullipara with edema and proteinuria, and one or more of the following: he...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Lindheimer MD,Katz AI

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The neuropeptide substance P modulates the activities of a number of different leukocytes that characterize both acute and delayed inflammatory responses. Substance P may play a role in the pathogenesis of such diverse diseases as arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Payan DG

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Breast cancers present as a spectrum of neoplasms. The natural histories of the neoplasms are tied to the biological properties of the neoplastic cells that compose them. We review the histological, cytological, kinetic, and other parameters that best characterize the clinical biology of breast cancer. ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Carlson RW,Stockdale FE

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute renal failure is a serious consequence of renal ischemia. The diagnosis carries an associated high mortality rate. When blood flow to the kidneys is inadequate to supply metabolic demands, a number of pathophysiological changes occur that ultimately result in cell death and tissue dysfunction, characterized by a...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Bonventre JV

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00